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A while back, we examined the crucial role that prestige plays in the academic labor market and discussed research showing that a small minority of the nation’s hundreds of Ph.D.-granting institutions produces the great majority of tenure-track faculty members. It’s also well known that, in many fields, women are underrepresented at the faculty level. A study published last month explores the connection between these phenomena: Women are disadvantaged in the competition for doctorates from those topflight universities, which “presages gender inequality in the jobs for…